Where is aflatoxin B1 found?
Aflatoxin B1 is a common contaminant in a variety of foods including peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains; as well as animal feeds. Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic aflatoxin and it is highly implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans.
Is aflatoxin a carcinogen?
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated both epidemiological and laboratory studies and indicated aflatoxins as carcinogenic (Group 1) and potentially carcinogenic to human (Group 2B) [4].
What foods contain aflatoxin B1?
Aflatoxins can occur in foods such as groundnuts, tree nuts, maize, rice, figs and other dried foods, spices, crude vegetable oils and cocoa beans, as a result of fungal contamination before and after harvest.
What causes aflatoxin in milk?
When cows, sheep, goats or other ruminant animals have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxins B1 and B2, aflatoxins M1 and M2 will be formed as a result of the metabolic process in liver of ruminants and excreted in milk.
Which fungi produce aflatoxins?
Aspergillus flavus
The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world. Aflatoxin-producing fungi can contaminate crops in the field, at harvest, and during storage.
Which fungus produces aflatoxin?
What are aflatoxins and give example?
Aflatoxins are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops such as maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world.
Which Aspergillus produces aflatoxin?
Aspergillus flavus is one of the major producers of aflatoxin and can contaminate wide range of agricultural commodities either in field or in storage.
Which species of Aspergillus produce aflatoxin B1 and B2?
Aspergillus flavus is one of the major producers of aflatoxin and can contaminate wide range of agricultural commodities either in field or in storage.
Do cashews have aflatoxin?
One kilogram of cashew nuts can contain a maximum of 4 ppb of total aflatoxins and 2 ppb of aflatoxin B1.
Do almonds have aflatoxin?
Chronic exposure to aflatoxins can increase the risk of developing liver cancer. Aflatoxin-producing molds are common in nature, affecting a number of crops. In almonds, the source of the contamination is from the soil, previously infested almonds (mummy nuts), and Navel Orangeworm (NOW) or other pests.
What is aflatoxin B1 and AFM1 (AFM1)?
When the ruminants eat feedstuffs containing Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), this toxin is metabolized and Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in milk. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified AFB1 and AFM1 as human carcinogens belonging to Group 1 and Group 2B, respectively, with the formation of DNA adducts.
When did IARC update its assessment of household exposures to cancer?
November 2, 2009 ‐‐ IARC has updated the cancer assessments of several personal habits and household exposures that cause cancer, including tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, and household coal smoke. The update was conducted with the advice of 30 scientists from 10 countries who met at IARC in October 2009. […]
Does AFB1 exposure increase the risk of liver cancer?
Considering that it is clear the correlation between AFB1 exposure and liver cancer, the researchers are studying how a diagnostic tool can be developed for early detection of the AFB1 effects.